QUESTION: 
What's the difference between a fall arrest and a fall restraint system, and in what situations should each be used? Are there any regulations or best practices to follow? 

ANSWER: 

Fall Arrest vs. Fall Restraint: 

A fall arrest system is designed to stop a fall that is already occurring. It includes components such as a full-body harness, a lanyard, and a secure anchorage point, all aiming to safely catch the worker if they fall, minimizing injury during the deceleration process. In contrast, a fall restraint system prevents the worker from reaching a point where a fall could occur. This system involves a tether attached to a worker's harness, restricting movement to a safe distance from the edge. 

Minimum Requirements vs. Industry Best Practices: 

OSHA regulations are considered minimum requirements and govern both fall arrest and fall restraint systems, ensuring they meet the baseline for strength, durability, and performance. For fall arrest systems, these requirements specify a maximum arresting force of 1,800 pounds when using a body harness and necessitate anchorage points capable of withstanding at least 5,000 pounds of force. Additionally, these regulations limit the maximum deceleration distance to 3.5 feet and the maximum free fall distance to 6 feet. 

The standards found in ANSI Z359 are generally considered industry best practices and provide more comprehensive guidelines for both types of systems. For fall arrest systems, they outline specifications for each component, including design, testing, and compatibility requirements. They emphasize using energy-absorbing lanyards to reduce arresting force, require harnesses to evenly distribute forces across the body, and insist on proper maintenance schedules to ensure continued performance. For fall restraint systems, industry best practices focus on prevention, recommending adjustable tethers and lanyards to limit workers' reach and ensuring all components are rated for their intended use and compatible with each other. They also outline regular inspection and maintenance requirements to ensure system reliability.

Choosing Between Fall Arrest and Fall Restraint: 

The choice between a fall arrest or fall restraint system depends on the work environment and the tasks being performed. If it's possible to completely prevent a fall by using a restraint system, this is often the preferred approach due to its preventive nature. However, in situations where workers must work near or beyond the edge of a fall hazard, and restraint is not feasible, fall arrest systems are necessary. 

For example, in rooftop maintenance, where workers are scheduled to perform routine checks on HVAC units and solar panels on the top of a building, a fall restraint system may be preferred. The workers use a tether attached to their harnesses, anchored to points on the roof, restricting their movement and preventing them from reaching the roof's edge or getting too close to skylights or other openings. In contrast, in steel framework construction, where workers are assembling a new steel structure for an extension of the facility, a fall arrest system might be necessary. This task involves maneuvering across beams at significant heights, climbing ladders, and working near edges. A fall arrest system allows this flexibility while providing safety, catching workers if they fall, and minimizing injury during the deceleration process. 

By distinguishing between fall arrest and fall restraint systems and understanding both minimum requirements and industry best practices, workers and employers can take proactive steps to mitigate the risks of working at heights. The goal is to stop falls, ensuring every worker returns home safely at the end of the day.  

 Chris Warrick, NRP is a Nationally Registered Paramedic, Confined Space Rescue Technician, and EMS educator who serves as Medical Program Manager at Roco Rescue. 

Follow Chris 

Additional Q&A Resources

• Hierarchy of Fall Protection Poster
• Suspension Trauma Explained
  
  

On February 5, 2024, OSHA published a proposed update to the 1910.156 Fire Brigades Standard. OSHA is proposing through this notice of proposed rulemaking to issue a new safety and health standard, titled Emergency Response, to replace the existing 40-year-old Fire Brigades Standard. 

The public comment period has closed but was extended twice due to an overwhelming number of comments. OSHA has since scheduled an informal public hearing to be held virtually on November 12, 2024, at 9:30 a.m. ET. Witnesses are welcome to testify about any topics, issues, or concerns they have with the proposed rule.

OSHA is particularly interested in hearing testimony regarding the following topics:

1. Firefighting services that are not primarily all-hazard/structural (wildland, airport, marine, etc.).

2. Emergency Medical Service providers that are not fire department based and those that provide aerial transport.

3. Technical search and rescue providers, particularly those that are not fire department based.

4. Specific recommendations for reducing the burden on volunteer/non-compensated responders.

Those wishing to testify must electronically submit a Notice of Intention to Appear (NOITA) on or before September 27, 2024, at OSHA.gov. In addition, those who request more than 10 minutes for their presentation or intend to submit documentary evidence at the hearing must submit the full text of their testimony and any evidence no later than October 18, 2024.

Chris McGlynn, CSP is a Certified Safety Professional and Nationally Registered Paramedic who serves as the Director of Safety and VPP Coordinator at Roco Rescue. He is also an active OSHA Special Government Employee within the Voluntary Protection Program and current President of the American Society of Safety Professionals Greater Baton Rouge Chapter. Chris also represents ASSP on the ANSI Z117 Confined Space and Z390 Hydrogen Sulfide Training Standard Development Committees.

Follow Chris 

Additional Resources

• Tips for Getting the Most From Your Rescue Training 
• What Does NFPA Have to Say About Confined Spaces? 
• Rescue Plans...What Is Required?
  
  

“ANSI Z359 as well as OSHA 1926.502(d)(20) require employers to provide the prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall, or assure that employees are able to perform self-rescue.”

What is suspension trauma?

Suspension Trauma (also known as orthostatic intolerance) has been identified by OSHA as a workplace hazard for those using Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS) who may be suspended from their harness for a period of time following a fall. More and more employers are becoming aware of this workplace hazard and are taking appropriate steps to protect their employees. 

The range of understanding on the cause of suspension trauma, as well as how to protect against it, is limited – and it has been revised over the years to include updated information as shown here. The development of suspension trauma varies from individual to individual and its onset can be difficult to predict. However, it is important to be aware of the Suspension Trauma  hazard and be prepared to take action as needed. Employers need to be aware that this syndrome is potentially life threatening.

Our revised Suspension Trauma Safety Poster is a tool to raise awareness of this potential hazard. It illustrates the pathological effects that a suspended worker may experience. We encourage you to share it with others who may work-at-height and/or use PFAS. Rescuers also need to be aware of this information and precautionary measures. Roco offers Rescue from Fall Protection training to educate rescuers who may respond to suspended workers.

Briefly, we will review the signs and symptoms of suspension trauma as well as factors that can influence the onset. We will also mention several options to prevent its occurrence as well as what precautions to take in treatment for suspension trauma. Suspended workers with head injuries or who are unconscious are particularly at risk (according to OSHA Bulletin 03-24-2004, updated 2011). As always, it is very important to follow your local treatment protocols.

What are signs and symptoms of suspension trauma?

Common signs and symptoms include light-headedness, heart palpitations, trembling, fatigue, nausea, dizziness, headache, sweating, weakness or fainting. Factors that influence the potential for suspension trauma as well as the speed of onset include the following:

• Unconsciousness, fainting or immobility;
• Underlying physical conditions including any pre-existing respiratory or cardiac conditions;
• Worker’s ability to handle stress and anxiety;
• Harness selection, fit, and adjustment;
• Traumatic injuries that may have occurred during or before the fall; and,
• Knowledge and the use of equipment or techniques to delay the onset of suspension trauma such as temporary leg stirrups or simply “bicycling the legs.”

What can be done to prevent suspension trauma?

• Follow manufacturer guidelines on harness use and proper fit.
• Preparation of a Fall Hazard Assessment, including a plan for self-rescue or assisted rescue as needed.
• Leg movement or bicycling of the legs while suspended.
• Use of a “step-up” device to relieve pressure. Example: MSA makes a device that attaches to the harness to help take pressure off the legs. (MSA Suspension Trauma Safety Step) 
• Timely availability of a properly trained rescue service, such as an in-house team or a contracted rescue team prepared for suspended worker rescue.

What are the latest treatment opinions?

The following information is from “Evidence-Based Versus Myth-Based Treatment of Suspension Syndrome” by Roger B. Mortimer, MD and Ken Zafren, MD, published May 30, 2020.

For many years, the theory has been that a worker with the potential of suspension trauma should be placed in a certain position for a certain amount of time following rescue. The theory was that if a worker remained standing or sitting, the toxic blood would be introduced back into central blood flow, at a lower rate, minimizing risk of cardiac arrest – similar to a tourniquet being released too quickly on an extremity, so the right side of the heart would not be overloaded.

However, this theory hasn’t proven entirely true. According to the referenced article, the worker should not be treated any differently than any other patient that presents with signs and symptoms of shock. Simply put, if the patient is displaying “shock-like” symptoms, assess and manage the patient’s airway, breathing, and circulation. Place the patient in the supine position (flat on back), and rapidly transport to the nearest hospital with adequate services.

Notice: It is always important to follow local treatment protocols.

In summary

Suspension trauma is a hazard to be considered (and prepared for) by employers with workers using PFAS. A worker suspended from their fall protection harness must be treated and rescued in a very timely manner – or be prepared for self-rescue when viable. The use of a Fall Hazard Survey is highly recommended – as well as the preparation of a Rescue from Fall Protection Rescue Preplan (samples referenced below). Rescue personnel must also be trained, prepared and equipped for Rescue from Fall Protection operations.

Additional Resources

• OSHA Fall Protection Plan Template
• Roco Fall Hazard Survey Template 
• Roco Rescue from Fall Protection (Suspended Worker) Preplan Template
• Roco Rescue from Fall Protection Training Course

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• Roco Urban ATOM™ Rescue Harness 
• Roco UrbanATOM™ ASCENT Rescue Harness (Complete with Chest Ascender)
  
  

Falls are one of the leading causes of accidents and fatalities across many industries. Whether it's in construction, manufacturing, or any other type of workplace, identifying and addressing fall hazards is essential to keeping workers safe. One of the most effective ways to do this is by conducting fall hazard analysis or completing a fall hazard survey.

A fall hazard survey involves a thorough and comprehensive inspection of the workplace to identify potential hazards that could result in falls. This includes examining equipment, tools, and materials, as well as evaluating the physical environment, such as the layout or configuration of the workspace and the condition of floors, stairs, walkways, and other working platforms. The survey should be conducted by someone with expertise in fall prevention, such as a safety professional, qualified person, or fall protection competent person.

Whether it's in construction, manufacturing, or any other type of workplace, identifying and addressing fall hazards is essential to keeping workers safe.

During the survey, the inspector should look for all potential fall hazards in and around the worksite. Inspectors should also assess the potential risk to workers, considering factors such as the height of the work area, the type of work being performed, and the likelihood of workers being exposed to the hazard. Some of the most common fall hazards may include:

• Unprotected edges: Unprotected edges, such as open-sided floors, roofs, and platforms, can be dangerous fall hazards. Workers can accidentally step off these edges or be pushed off by equipment, materials, or other workers.
• Ladders: Ladders are a common tool in many industries, but they can also pose a significant fall hazard. Falls from ladders can be caused by using the wrong type of ladder, overreaching, and unstable placement of the ladder.
• Scaffolding: Scaffolding is used in construction, painting, and other industries to provide workers with access to elevated areas. However, if scaffolding is improperly erected or not used correctly, it can collapse or cause workers to fall.
• Roofs: Workers who perform tasks on roofs, such as installing solar panels or conducting maintenance, are at risk of falling off the roof or through skylights or roof openings.
• Elevated walkways: Elevated walkways, such as catwalks, bridges, and elevated work platforms, can also be dangerous fall hazards. These walkways can be slippery, and workers may fall through openings in the walkway.
• Unguarded machinery: Workers who operate machinery at elevated heights may be at risk of falling into the machinery or off of it. Unguarded machinery can also pose a danger to workers on the ground below.

Being proactive will not only help you prevent falls, but can significantly decrease the time that it takes to perform a rescue in the event that one is needed.

Once the survey is complete, the inspector should document their findings in a report that includes photographs or diagrams of the workplace as well as detailed descriptions of each hazard. The report should also include recommendations for corrective action, such as implementing fall protection systems, modifying work practices, or providing additional training for workers. Another consideration to include in the report is any prior history of known accidents or incidents related to the specific work area or task.

Perhaps the most commonly overlooked component of a fall hazard survey is ensuring that a documented rescue preplan is created and reviewed before beginning work. The worst time to try to develop a rescue plan is after someone has fallen! Being proactive will not only help you prevent falls, but can significantly decrease the time that it takes to perform a rescue in the event that one is needed.

OSHA provides a free fall protection plan template that can serve as an outstanding baseline for developing or improving your current fall protection plan. Additionally, you can access our Fall Hazard Survey Template here and our Rescue from Fall Protection Preplan Template here.

Whatever route you choose to implement, conducting fall hazard surveys is an essential component of an effective fall prevention program. It enables employers to identify potential hazards and take steps to eliminate or control them before an accident occurs. And remember, there’s a safe way and a SAFER way!

Additional Resources

• OSHA Fall Protection Plan Template
• Roco’s Fall Hazard Survey Template 
• Roco's Rescue from Fall Protection Preplan Template